1 00:00:00,359 --> 00:00:03,359 foreign 2 00:00:10,760 --> 00:00:17,220 Ardo da Vinci 3 00:00:13,259 --> 00:00:20,820 legendary artist his genius is universal 4 00:00:17,220 --> 00:00:21,980 it speaks to everybody he was also a 5 00:00:20,820 --> 00:00:25,560 scientist 6 00:00:21,980 --> 00:00:27,720 and inventor there was a reason for 7 00:00:25,560 --> 00:00:29,760 every decision in every line 8 00:00:27,720 --> 00:00:32,880 how did he create the most famous 9 00:00:29,760 --> 00:00:37,140 painting on Earth you can perceive the 10 00:00:32,880 --> 00:00:40,260 beating of the pulse underneath her skin 11 00:00:37,140 --> 00:00:44,100 the answers have been as elusive as her 12 00:00:40,260 --> 00:00:47,040 smile Leonardo embraced mystery 13 00:00:44,100 --> 00:00:50,039 now researchers are peeling away the 14 00:00:47,040 --> 00:00:51,960 layers thanks to a new kind of 15 00:00:50,039 --> 00:00:55,620 scientific investigation we are really 16 00:00:51,960 --> 00:00:58,559 able to get inside the painting can 17 00:00:55,620 --> 00:01:00,059 science unlock her secrets she seems 18 00:00:58,559 --> 00:01:01,680 like she's alive because she looks 19 00:01:00,059 --> 00:01:02,640 different depending on where you're 20 00:01:01,680 --> 00:01:05,159 looking 21 00:01:02,640 --> 00:01:07,460 and decipher the genius behind her 22 00:01:05,159 --> 00:01:07,460 creator 23 00:01:07,640 --> 00:01:22,580 decoding Da Vinci right now on Nova 24 00:01:12,250 --> 00:01:22,580 [Music] 25 00:01:25,040 --> 00:01:30,320 in the heart of Paris lies a former 26 00:01:28,380 --> 00:01:35,540 royal castle 27 00:01:30,320 --> 00:01:35,540 it is now the world's busiest Art Museum 28 00:01:35,700 --> 00:01:40,619 the Louvre 29 00:01:37,939 --> 00:01:46,340 filled with glorious galleries of 30 00:01:40,619 --> 00:01:46,340 Antiquities mummies and michelangelos 31 00:01:50,600 --> 00:01:55,740 but one Masterpiece is the biggest draw 32 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:59,100 of all 33 00:01:55,740 --> 00:02:03,600 today's reigning Queen 34 00:01:59,100 --> 00:02:07,380 the Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci 35 00:02:03,600 --> 00:02:10,580 the Mona Lisa has become some Grand 36 00:02:07,380 --> 00:02:13,680 thing in our imagination 37 00:02:10,580 --> 00:02:16,760 Mona Lisa you'd have a different feeling 38 00:02:13,680 --> 00:02:20,580 about what she has in mind 39 00:02:16,760 --> 00:02:21,959 every year Millions visit her drawn by 40 00:02:20,580 --> 00:02:24,660 her beauty 41 00:02:21,959 --> 00:02:26,879 or perhaps her Fame 42 00:02:24,660 --> 00:02:29,220 they've clocked the average amount the 43 00:02:26,879 --> 00:02:32,760 visitors spent looking at the Mona Lisa 44 00:02:29,220 --> 00:02:34,739 and that's roughly about 15 seconds 45 00:02:32,760 --> 00:02:36,900 you're more focused on getting a good 46 00:02:34,739 --> 00:02:40,340 picture for your Instagram feed than 47 00:02:36,900 --> 00:02:40,340 actually looking at the painting 48 00:02:41,099 --> 00:02:45,080 so is the Mona Lisa just famous for 49 00:02:43,980 --> 00:02:48,540 being famous 50 00:02:45,080 --> 00:02:50,819 more icon than art 51 00:02:48,540 --> 00:02:53,160 or does she deserve her place on the 52 00:02:50,819 --> 00:02:55,140 louvre's throne as the most celebrated 53 00:02:53,160 --> 00:02:57,480 painting in the world 54 00:02:55,140 --> 00:02:59,940 it's not just a portrait of a woman who 55 00:02:57,480 --> 00:03:02,760 is living 500 years ago it's a 56 00:02:59,940 --> 00:03:04,800 demonstration of how painting could show 57 00:03:02,760 --> 00:03:07,620 life 58 00:03:04,800 --> 00:03:09,900 now researchers are using new techniques 59 00:03:07,620 --> 00:03:13,519 to investigate the most famous painting 60 00:03:09,900 --> 00:03:13,519 on Earth like never before 61 00:03:14,099 --> 00:03:19,739 the smile is crucial 62 00:03:16,080 --> 00:03:21,659 it's teasing you saying I know something 63 00:03:19,739 --> 00:03:24,480 you don't know 64 00:03:21,659 --> 00:03:27,659 could the Mona Lisa with her enigmatic 65 00:03:24,480 --> 00:03:29,159 smile be the key to decoding the man who 66 00:03:27,659 --> 00:03:32,900 made her 67 00:03:29,159 --> 00:03:32,900 Leonardo da Vinci 68 00:03:33,239 --> 00:03:38,580 no doubt he was a brilliant artist 69 00:03:36,659 --> 00:03:40,620 but he was also a groundbreaking 70 00:03:38,580 --> 00:03:43,560 scientist 71 00:03:40,620 --> 00:03:46,860 he anticipated theories by both Galileo 72 00:03:43,560 --> 00:03:49,500 and Newton by at least a century 73 00:03:46,860 --> 00:03:53,000 and dreamed up remarkable inventions 74 00:03:49,500 --> 00:03:55,379 that seemed to predict a modern age 75 00:03:53,000 --> 00:03:57,959 armored tanks 76 00:03:55,379 --> 00:04:02,480 flying machines 77 00:03:57,959 --> 00:04:02,480 even something like a self-driving car 78 00:04:03,019 --> 00:04:09,920 but were his scientific Explorations a 79 00:04:06,360 --> 00:04:09,920 distraction from his painting 80 00:04:10,200 --> 00:04:15,420 or with science the secret to his 81 00:04:12,780 --> 00:04:18,900 artistic genius 82 00:04:15,420 --> 00:04:21,120 was the Mona Lisa in fact Leonardo's 83 00:04:18,900 --> 00:04:23,340 greatest invention 84 00:04:21,120 --> 00:04:25,800 if you want to understand Leonardo da 85 00:04:23,340 --> 00:04:28,680 Vinci you just have to look at the Mona 86 00:04:25,800 --> 00:04:31,560 Lisa because it's all there 87 00:04:28,680 --> 00:04:35,500 it's the combination of a lifetime spent 88 00:04:31,560 --> 00:04:44,269 loving science and art 89 00:04:35,500 --> 00:04:44,269 [Music] 90 00:04:47,580 --> 00:04:53,240 in the back streets of Florence Italy 91 00:04:49,880 --> 00:04:56,220 Walter Conte and his daughter Elena 92 00:04:53,240 --> 00:04:58,040 prepare for their tribute to Leonardo 93 00:04:56,220 --> 00:05:00,199 and the Mona Lisa 94 00:04:58,040 --> 00:05:03,300 [Music] 95 00:05:00,199 --> 00:05:05,660 human statues handing out Leonardo 96 00:05:03,300 --> 00:05:05,660 quotes 97 00:05:05,880 --> 00:05:10,680 their way of marking the 500th 98 00:05:08,220 --> 00:05:13,680 anniversary of Leonardo's death 99 00:05:10,680 --> 00:05:17,120 and just one of many celebrations that 100 00:05:13,680 --> 00:05:17,120 are in the works around the world 101 00:05:17,220 --> 00:05:25,080 from A Fine Art Museum in Beijing 102 00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:26,360 to a multimedia Extravaganza in Peru 103 00:05:25,080 --> 00:05:29,580 [Music] 104 00:05:26,360 --> 00:05:31,199 and a blockbuster Exhibition at the 105 00:05:29,580 --> 00:05:33,060 Louvre 106 00:05:31,199 --> 00:05:35,520 for the Louvre museum is a really 107 00:05:33,060 --> 00:05:38,820 important moment because the Louvre is 108 00:05:35,520 --> 00:05:42,419 like Leonardo da Vinci we have the third 109 00:05:38,820 --> 00:05:45,180 of all his paintings Vincent Delevan 110 00:05:42,419 --> 00:05:48,500 oversees the five Leonardo masterpieces 111 00:05:45,180 --> 00:05:48,500 that hang at the Louvre 112 00:05:50,220 --> 00:05:54,500 that's the largest collection in the 113 00:05:52,560 --> 00:05:57,300 world 114 00:05:54,500 --> 00:06:00,060 while Leonardo may be the most famous 115 00:05:57,300 --> 00:06:03,660 painter of all time he completed 116 00:06:00,060 --> 00:06:06,120 surprisingly few paintings Leonardo was 117 00:06:03,660 --> 00:06:08,220 with someone experimental he didn't want 118 00:06:06,120 --> 00:06:11,120 to paint a lot he wanted to paint a 119 00:06:08,220 --> 00:06:11,120 perfect painting 120 00:06:11,600 --> 00:06:16,880 so what did it take for Leonardo to make 121 00:06:14,759 --> 00:06:19,860 a perfect painting 122 00:06:16,880 --> 00:06:23,000 the answer may be lying right under 123 00:06:19,860 --> 00:06:23,000 deluvan's feet 124 00:06:25,100 --> 00:06:30,300 for the upcoming exhibition he is 125 00:06:27,960 --> 00:06:32,520 working with a team of scientists housed 126 00:06:30,300 --> 00:06:34,860 downstairs from the Louvre at the center 127 00:06:32,520 --> 00:06:37,440 for research and restoration of museums 128 00:06:34,860 --> 00:06:39,419 in France 129 00:06:37,440 --> 00:06:42,060 to a new kind of scientific 130 00:06:39,419 --> 00:06:43,800 investigation we are really able to get 131 00:06:42,060 --> 00:06:46,860 inside the painting and to understand 132 00:06:43,800 --> 00:06:50,160 how Leonardo was working to perfect the 133 00:06:46,860 --> 00:06:52,500 painting for a long long time during 5 134 00:06:50,160 --> 00:06:54,419 10 20 years it's really something really 135 00:06:52,500 --> 00:06:57,360 specific to Leonardo 136 00:06:54,419 --> 00:07:00,060 they're appearing deep inside Leonardo's 137 00:06:57,360 --> 00:07:02,639 masterpieces hoping to reveal the 138 00:07:00,060 --> 00:07:04,080 secrets of his technique that our eyes 139 00:07:02,639 --> 00:07:07,020 cannot see 140 00:07:04,080 --> 00:07:09,419 I see something that is pleased to be 141 00:07:07,020 --> 00:07:11,340 two-dimensional but which is really 142 00:07:09,419 --> 00:07:14,460 three-dimensional because there is a 143 00:07:11,340 --> 00:07:17,460 depth in a painting 144 00:07:14,460 --> 00:07:19,919 for art historian Bruno Matan the first 145 00:07:17,460 --> 00:07:22,860 step is to understand the chemistry of 146 00:07:19,919 --> 00:07:24,960 Leonardo's paint 147 00:07:22,860 --> 00:07:28,460 starting with the powdered minerals that 148 00:07:24,960 --> 00:07:28,460 were the source of his colors 149 00:07:28,620 --> 00:07:32,819 you have green which is made with the 150 00:07:30,720 --> 00:07:35,340 scratching of copper plates you have 151 00:07:32,819 --> 00:07:37,440 Vermilion which is made with Mercury you 152 00:07:35,340 --> 00:07:40,139 have lead white which is made with lead 153 00:07:37,440 --> 00:07:41,759 but these can't be applied directly on 154 00:07:40,139 --> 00:07:43,560 the painting has to be mixed with 155 00:07:41,759 --> 00:07:46,319 something else 156 00:07:43,560 --> 00:07:49,139 these colored pigments are mixed with a 157 00:07:46,319 --> 00:07:52,490 liquid like oil 158 00:07:49,139 --> 00:07:55,600 that gets painted on in layers 159 00:07:52,490 --> 00:07:55,600 [Music] 160 00:07:57,539 --> 00:08:03,000 in a cross section of a painting you 161 00:08:00,120 --> 00:08:05,580 have the base which today is frequently 162 00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:07,860 canvas but in Leonardo's time they used 163 00:08:05,580 --> 00:08:10,979 planks of wood 164 00:08:07,860 --> 00:08:13,139 on that is a coat of white that can 165 00:08:10,979 --> 00:08:16,139 reflect light 166 00:08:13,139 --> 00:08:19,860 as the artist Works semi-translucent 167 00:08:16,139 --> 00:08:24,259 paint is built up layer by layer 168 00:08:19,860 --> 00:08:24,259 and then sealed with a coat of varnish 169 00:08:24,419 --> 00:08:28,800 in the end our eyes see the interplay 170 00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:30,960 between the light reflected off 171 00:08:28,800 --> 00:08:31,800 different pigments suspended in the 172 00:08:30,960 --> 00:08:35,000 layers 173 00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:38,099 creating depth and Elusive subtleties 174 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:40,800 oil is a transverse of medium which 175 00:08:38,099 --> 00:08:43,380 gives to them a mixture of deepness we 176 00:08:40,800 --> 00:08:45,720 can see through all the layers you don't 177 00:08:43,380 --> 00:08:49,080 only see a flat surface you have the 178 00:08:45,720 --> 00:08:51,120 feeling of what is beneath the painting 179 00:08:49,080 --> 00:08:53,880 Leonardo worked on the Mona Lisa for 180 00:08:51,120 --> 00:08:56,279 about 16 years 181 00:08:53,880 --> 00:08:59,399 can these investigative techniques help 182 00:08:56,279 --> 00:09:01,940 reveal ultimately what he was doing all 183 00:08:59,399 --> 00:09:01,940 that time 184 00:09:04,010 --> 00:09:07,240 [Music] 185 00:09:07,980 --> 00:09:14,399 the Mona Lisa began in Florence Italy in 186 00:09:11,279 --> 00:09:17,160 1503 as a commission from a wealthy 187 00:09:14,399 --> 00:09:18,600 cloth Merchant to paint his wife Lisa 188 00:09:17,160 --> 00:09:21,000 gerardini 189 00:09:18,600 --> 00:09:25,740 the word Mona was a polite form of 190 00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:29,760 address much like Madam hence Mona Lisa 191 00:09:25,740 --> 00:09:33,360 over time she became something much more 192 00:09:29,760 --> 00:09:36,720 the Mona Lisa started off as a portrait 193 00:09:33,360 --> 00:09:39,060 for a Merchant's wife and ended up as a 194 00:09:36,720 --> 00:09:41,640 sort of Manifesto if you want of his 195 00:09:39,060 --> 00:09:46,080 abilities as a painter 196 00:09:41,640 --> 00:09:48,480 of his conception of the world even 197 00:09:46,080 --> 00:09:49,500 so is this what the real Lisa looked 198 00:09:48,480 --> 00:09:51,660 like 199 00:09:49,500 --> 00:09:56,959 and how different does she appear today 200 00:09:51,660 --> 00:09:56,959 from what Leonardo painted 500 years ago 201 00:09:58,459 --> 00:10:05,880 to find out scientists captured the Mona 202 00:10:01,920 --> 00:10:07,920 Lisa with an array of high-tech cameras 203 00:10:05,880 --> 00:10:09,899 these detect light in the 204 00:10:07,920 --> 00:10:12,570 electromagnetic spectrum that is not 205 00:10:09,899 --> 00:10:15,729 visible to our eyes 206 00:10:12,570 --> 00:10:15,729 [Music] 207 00:10:16,620 --> 00:10:20,880 so just as some cameras can see wildlife 208 00:10:19,440 --> 00:10:23,279 in the dark 209 00:10:20,880 --> 00:10:25,740 these cameras can help us see the Mona 210 00:10:23,279 --> 00:10:26,500 Lisa in a new light 211 00:10:25,740 --> 00:10:28,860 literally 212 00:10:26,500 --> 00:10:33,980 [Music] 213 00:10:28,860 --> 00:10:33,980 each image provides clues about her past 214 00:10:34,140 --> 00:10:39,300 so if you have a lot of different images 215 00:10:36,180 --> 00:10:41,040 which can tell us about the structure of 216 00:10:39,300 --> 00:10:42,120 the painting and the way it has been 217 00:10:41,040 --> 00:10:45,420 made 218 00:10:42,120 --> 00:10:48,560 in the ultraviolet image blotches of 219 00:10:45,420 --> 00:10:48,560 dark blue appear 220 00:10:48,839 --> 00:10:54,180 these revealed areas of paint which are 221 00:10:51,420 --> 00:10:56,579 not by Leonardo's hand 222 00:10:54,180 --> 00:10:59,399 their modern Restorations to repair 223 00:10:56,579 --> 00:11:03,260 damage to the painting like this 224 00:10:59,399 --> 00:11:03,260 dangerous crack in the wood base 225 00:11:06,540 --> 00:11:11,399 it shows us that the painting is in fact 226 00:11:08,760 --> 00:11:13,200 covered by a greenish vanish which 227 00:11:11,399 --> 00:11:16,800 changes the colors of the through 228 00:11:13,200 --> 00:11:18,540 painting this thick varnish has yellowed 229 00:11:16,800 --> 00:11:20,700 and darkened over time 230 00:11:18,540 --> 00:11:22,279 making it difficult to make out some of 231 00:11:20,700 --> 00:11:25,740 the details 232 00:11:22,279 --> 00:11:27,000 which is probably like a prompt lady we 233 00:11:25,740 --> 00:11:29,100 should say because we do not know where 234 00:11:27,000 --> 00:11:32,640 the arm stops 235 00:11:29,100 --> 00:11:36,360 but this infrared image clearly shows 236 00:11:32,640 --> 00:11:40,019 this dark area was once translucent 237 00:11:36,360 --> 00:11:42,060 Lisa is wearing a veil that gracefully 238 00:11:40,019 --> 00:11:44,660 Falls over her surprisingly slender 239 00:11:42,060 --> 00:11:44,660 shoulders 240 00:11:48,899 --> 00:11:53,880 to penetrate the very deepest layers the 241 00:11:51,839 --> 00:11:57,000 team turned to a tool more familiar to 242 00:11:53,880 --> 00:11:59,160 us from a doctor's office 243 00:11:57,000 --> 00:12:04,160 x-rays 244 00:11:59,160 --> 00:12:04,160 these can reveal how the painting began 245 00:12:05,700 --> 00:12:10,800 most artists at the time began with a 246 00:12:08,040 --> 00:12:13,040 drawing and then filled it in with thick 247 00:12:10,800 --> 00:12:13,040 paint 248 00:12:14,339 --> 00:12:21,420 so the X-ray looks like this 249 00:12:17,760 --> 00:12:24,510 Raphael's la belge 250 00:12:21,420 --> 00:12:26,220 the figures started out clearly defined 251 00:12:24,510 --> 00:12:29,000 [Music] 252 00:12:26,220 --> 00:12:29,000 stayed that way 253 00:12:32,459 --> 00:12:38,210 but when Leonardo's paintings are 254 00:12:34,260 --> 00:12:43,560 x-rayed the figures often vanish 255 00:12:38,210 --> 00:12:46,860 [Music] 256 00:12:43,560 --> 00:12:49,380 Leonardo image of like Phantom 257 00:12:46,860 --> 00:12:53,779 we don't understand at First Sight what 258 00:12:49,380 --> 00:12:53,779 really is on the picture 259 00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:59,279 in the X-ray of the Mona Lisa there is 260 00:12:56,760 --> 00:13:03,000 no clear outline 261 00:12:59,279 --> 00:13:06,620 instead the image evolved as Leonardo 262 00:13:03,000 --> 00:13:06,620 made continual adjustments 263 00:13:06,959 --> 00:13:12,060 this also suggests Lisa may not have 264 00:13:09,600 --> 00:13:14,760 looked exactly like this 265 00:13:12,060 --> 00:13:16,740 he keeps it he doesn't deliver it to the 266 00:13:14,760 --> 00:13:20,040 merchant who commissioned it because for 267 00:13:16,740 --> 00:13:24,440 him it's no longer a portrait of Mona 268 00:13:20,040 --> 00:13:24,440 Lisa it is a universal painting 269 00:13:24,839 --> 00:13:30,079 in the upcoming exhibition Delia van 270 00:13:27,540 --> 00:13:32,940 plans to hang some of these scientific 271 00:13:30,079 --> 00:13:35,339 masterpieces along with Leonardo's 272 00:13:32,940 --> 00:13:38,160 original paintings 273 00:13:35,339 --> 00:13:40,079 the scans prove an essential point about 274 00:13:38,160 --> 00:13:44,279 Leonardo's artistry 275 00:13:40,079 --> 00:13:46,620 he painted like no one else 276 00:13:44,279 --> 00:13:48,480 Leonardo is one of the first artists to 277 00:13:46,620 --> 00:13:51,240 be really free 278 00:13:48,480 --> 00:13:54,120 he felt free to change his mind not only 279 00:13:51,240 --> 00:13:56,959 during the drawing preparation but also 280 00:13:54,120 --> 00:14:00,360 during the painting of his work 281 00:13:56,959 --> 00:14:03,060 this is incredibly not common he is the 282 00:14:00,360 --> 00:14:06,220 only one to give such a liberty free 283 00:14:03,060 --> 00:14:08,760 manner in his execution 284 00:14:06,220 --> 00:14:11,839 [Music] 285 00:14:08,760 --> 00:14:14,700 artists then were considered Craftsmen 286 00:14:11,839 --> 00:14:16,860 and needed to churn Out Paintings for 287 00:14:14,700 --> 00:14:20,100 patrons 288 00:14:16,860 --> 00:14:22,459 so how did Leonardo become such a free 289 00:14:20,100 --> 00:14:22,459 spirit 290 00:14:23,360 --> 00:14:28,940 from the beginning Leonardo was an 291 00:14:26,339 --> 00:14:28,940 outsider 292 00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:36,600 born in 1452 to an unwed farm girl in 293 00:14:33,480 --> 00:14:40,519 the small Italian town of Vinci he was 294 00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:42,899 named Leonardo from Vinci therefore 295 00:14:40,519 --> 00:14:45,060 Leonardo da Vinci 296 00:14:42,899 --> 00:14:47,279 Leonardo had the great Good Fortune to 297 00:14:45,060 --> 00:14:49,440 be born out of wedlock it meant he 298 00:14:47,279 --> 00:14:52,740 didn't have crammed into him 299 00:14:49,440 --> 00:14:55,560 the sort of old dusty Scholastic wisdom 300 00:14:52,740 --> 00:14:57,899 of the Middle Ages instead he got to be 301 00:14:55,560 --> 00:15:00,600 self-taught it also meant he doesn't 302 00:14:57,899 --> 00:15:02,820 have to be a notary like his father and 303 00:15:00,600 --> 00:15:05,959 so he has a fresh life where he can be 304 00:15:02,820 --> 00:15:05,959 anything he wants 305 00:15:06,120 --> 00:15:11,820 at about 14 Leonardo's father sent him 306 00:15:09,180 --> 00:15:14,399 to learn a trade in Florence the 307 00:15:11,820 --> 00:15:16,199 epicenter of Commerce learning and 308 00:15:14,399 --> 00:15:18,620 Beauty at the beginning of the 309 00:15:16,199 --> 00:15:18,620 Renaissance 310 00:15:20,220 --> 00:15:25,860 Flores was one of their most advanced 311 00:15:23,040 --> 00:15:28,860 social organizations of the planet very 312 00:15:25,860 --> 00:15:32,060 wealthy city a city that was attracting 313 00:15:28,860 --> 00:15:32,060 the brightest guys around 314 00:15:32,160 --> 00:15:35,279 Florence he's just extraordinary at this 315 00:15:34,440 --> 00:15:38,959 time 316 00:15:35,279 --> 00:15:42,740 to produce Donatello mazzachio brunleski 317 00:15:38,959 --> 00:15:45,980 Michelangelo Raphael 318 00:15:42,740 --> 00:15:48,660 foreign with no formal education 319 00:15:45,980 --> 00:15:51,560 Leonardo started as an apprentice in one 320 00:15:48,660 --> 00:15:55,399 of the leading artist Studios of the day 321 00:15:51,560 --> 00:15:58,620 the workshop of Andrea Del verrocchio 322 00:15:55,399 --> 00:16:01,199 was a stouter above all but also a 323 00:15:58,620 --> 00:16:02,760 painter an architect you could play 324 00:16:01,199 --> 00:16:06,300 music 325 00:16:02,760 --> 00:16:08,720 so the example of veracio was very 326 00:16:06,300 --> 00:16:11,519 important to Leonardo 327 00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:14,339 Leonardo's training with Baroque is a 328 00:16:11,519 --> 00:16:16,260 real model of how an artist 329 00:16:14,339 --> 00:16:18,899 should evolve 330 00:16:16,260 --> 00:16:20,699 technique is subordinate to the active 331 00:16:18,899 --> 00:16:23,760 scene it's about the eye and it's 332 00:16:20,699 --> 00:16:25,260 Leonardo who first described that 333 00:16:23,760 --> 00:16:27,540 It is believed 334 00:16:25,260 --> 00:16:29,699 model for this verrocchio statue of 335 00:16:27,540 --> 00:16:31,980 David is his Apprentice 336 00:16:29,699 --> 00:16:34,560 the young Leonardo 337 00:16:31,980 --> 00:16:36,420 so they think that Leonardo posed a 338 00:16:34,560 --> 00:16:40,259 forest master 339 00:16:36,420 --> 00:16:42,959 it's a very elegant boy face frame by 340 00:16:40,259 --> 00:16:44,880 these beautiful curls despite the 341 00:16:42,959 --> 00:16:47,880 circumstances of his illegitimate birth 342 00:16:44,880 --> 00:16:49,980 the workshop gave Leonardo a way to get 343 00:16:47,880 --> 00:16:54,240 ahead in life 344 00:16:49,980 --> 00:16:57,060 he's a misfit he's illegitimate he's gay 345 00:16:54,240 --> 00:17:00,240 he's left-handed he's a vegetarian he's 346 00:16:57,060 --> 00:17:02,519 distracted and yet he's embraced by the 347 00:17:00,240 --> 00:17:04,930 people of Florence because it was a very 348 00:17:02,519 --> 00:17:06,360 tolerant City 349 00:17:04,930 --> 00:17:08,400 [Music] 350 00:17:06,360 --> 00:17:11,280 one of the most challenging construction 351 00:17:08,400 --> 00:17:13,799 projects of the day was capping the Dome 352 00:17:11,280 --> 00:17:15,319 of the breathtaking Cathedral with a 353 00:17:13,799 --> 00:17:19,079 golden sphere 354 00:17:15,319 --> 00:17:22,079 the commission of the crowning of the 355 00:17:19,079 --> 00:17:23,880 cupola with a gilded sphere it was a 356 00:17:22,079 --> 00:17:28,079 very important one and that the 357 00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:28,079 commission de veracchio secured 358 00:17:29,059 --> 00:17:33,179 varuccio's team which 359 00:17:31,140 --> 00:17:36,480 with the young Leonardo had to figure 360 00:17:33,179 --> 00:17:39,480 out not only the design but also how to 361 00:17:36,480 --> 00:17:42,179 secure the one and a half ton ball on 362 00:17:39,480 --> 00:17:44,880 top of the nearly 370 foot high 363 00:17:42,179 --> 00:17:47,039 Cathedral 364 00:17:44,880 --> 00:17:50,160 figuring out how to get the ball on top 365 00:17:47,039 --> 00:17:52,080 of the cathedral helps Leonardo become a 366 00:17:50,160 --> 00:17:53,520 great engineer it helps them become an 367 00:17:52,080 --> 00:17:56,700 artist because he gets the perspective 368 00:17:53,520 --> 00:18:00,660 of the ball right that combination of 369 00:17:56,700 --> 00:18:03,120 science engineering and art becomes part 370 00:18:00,660 --> 00:18:06,480 of who Leonardo da Vinci is 371 00:18:03,120 --> 00:18:09,000 in fact in sheer quantity Leonardo's 372 00:18:06,480 --> 00:18:11,000 scientific investigations far outweigh 373 00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:14,039 his output of paintings 374 00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:17,640 the proof of that lies in a remarkable 375 00:18:14,039 --> 00:18:20,880 collection of replicas of his notebooks 376 00:18:17,640 --> 00:18:23,580 we have very few records in the whole 377 00:18:20,880 --> 00:18:26,220 history of science similar to Leonardo's 378 00:18:23,580 --> 00:18:28,740 manuscripts these are not books you 379 00:18:26,220 --> 00:18:31,440 cannot compare that to a work of by 380 00:18:28,740 --> 00:18:33,720 Galileo or by Newton because they have 381 00:18:31,440 --> 00:18:35,039 solved the problems before writing their 382 00:18:33,720 --> 00:18:37,559 books 383 00:18:35,039 --> 00:18:40,860 Paolo galusi is the director of the 384 00:18:37,559 --> 00:18:43,400 Galileo Museum in Florence 385 00:18:40,860 --> 00:18:47,120 what we have in Leonardo is the direct 386 00:18:43,400 --> 00:18:51,120 expression of his internal dialogue 387 00:18:47,120 --> 00:18:54,360 Leonardo's notebooks span his lifetime 388 00:18:51,120 --> 00:18:57,720 they even come pocket-sized 389 00:18:54,360 --> 00:19:00,740 we're sure that those 6 000 pages that 390 00:18:57,720 --> 00:19:04,679 we have are by him and this is just 391 00:19:00,740 --> 00:19:05,940 one-fourth of what he actually penned so 392 00:19:04,679 --> 00:19:09,500 we're talking about something I was 393 00:19:05,940 --> 00:19:09,500 obsessed by throughout his life 394 00:19:10,919 --> 00:19:17,419 the Brilliance and breadth of Leonardo's 395 00:19:13,620 --> 00:19:20,900 notebooks is astonishing 396 00:19:17,419 --> 00:19:23,760 his ideas seem to predict our Modern Age 397 00:19:20,900 --> 00:19:27,320 making Leonardo much more than a 398 00:19:23,760 --> 00:19:27,320 Renaissance scientist for many 399 00:19:30,539 --> 00:19:35,640 copter like 400 00:19:32,460 --> 00:19:38,039 and a parachute 401 00:19:35,640 --> 00:19:42,200 a fascination with water led to 402 00:19:38,039 --> 00:19:42,200 ambitious civil engineering proposals 403 00:19:42,400 --> 00:19:46,620 [Music] 404 00:19:44,820 --> 00:19:49,740 and he conceived an intriguing 405 00:19:46,620 --> 00:19:54,380 self-propelled machine that seems part 406 00:19:49,740 --> 00:19:54,380 automobile part early robot 407 00:19:54,840 --> 00:19:58,670 but could any of these inventive designs 408 00:19:57,059 --> 00:20:00,780 have actually worked 409 00:19:58,670 --> 00:20:05,100 [Music] 410 00:20:00,780 --> 00:20:07,140 Leonardo is of course a great artist but 411 00:20:05,100 --> 00:20:09,840 he's also a great scientist and I would 412 00:20:07,140 --> 00:20:12,660 argue a great engineer the geometry is 413 00:20:09,840 --> 00:20:15,299 stunning one small sketch in Leonardo's 414 00:20:12,660 --> 00:20:18,419 notebooks has so intrigued MIT engineer 415 00:20:15,299 --> 00:20:21,960 John oxendorf that he asked his graduate 416 00:20:18,419 --> 00:20:24,900 student Carly best to bring 21st century 417 00:20:21,960 --> 00:20:28,919 engineering rigor to see if Leonardo's 418 00:20:24,900 --> 00:20:30,960 16th century idea would in fact stand 419 00:20:28,919 --> 00:20:32,520 there is a historical reason for this 420 00:20:30,960 --> 00:20:35,520 because you see it in the drawing right 421 00:20:32,520 --> 00:20:38,220 yeah these two are in 1502 the year 422 00:20:35,520 --> 00:20:40,020 before starting the Mona Lisa Leonardo 423 00:20:38,220 --> 00:20:42,179 Leonard proposed to the Sultan of the 424 00:20:40,020 --> 00:20:45,720 Ottoman Empire a bridge in 425 00:20:42,179 --> 00:20:49,280 Constantinople five times longer than 426 00:20:45,720 --> 00:20:49,280 any other span at the time 427 00:20:50,419 --> 00:20:56,700 his plan for this ambitious project 428 00:20:53,720 --> 00:20:58,980 sketched upside down in a small notebook 429 00:20:56,700 --> 00:21:02,039 offers few details 430 00:20:58,980 --> 00:21:03,000 yet just enough for best to bring it to 431 00:21:02,039 --> 00:21:05,220 life 432 00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:06,539 Leonardo provided four measurements but 433 00:21:05,220 --> 00:21:09,539 he provided 434 00:21:06,539 --> 00:21:12,360 two sketches at first it seems like a 435 00:21:09,539 --> 00:21:14,160 rough sketch but as I dug into it I 436 00:21:12,360 --> 00:21:16,919 realized there was a reason for every 437 00:21:14,160 --> 00:21:18,840 decision in every line there was a lot 438 00:21:16,919 --> 00:21:20,280 of thought put into the force 439 00:21:18,840 --> 00:21:21,600 distribution and it wasn't just 440 00:21:20,280 --> 00:21:24,240 aesthetic 441 00:21:21,600 --> 00:21:26,880 it was engineering 442 00:21:24,240 --> 00:21:28,799 and to test that engineering fast and 443 00:21:26,880 --> 00:21:30,360 her colleagues have built a scale model 444 00:21:28,799 --> 00:21:33,720 of the bridge 445 00:21:30,360 --> 00:21:36,000 state-of-the-art 3D printer 446 00:21:33,720 --> 00:21:37,559 four 3D printing came along we'd have to 447 00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:39,659 try to build that bridge as close as we 448 00:21:37,559 --> 00:21:42,000 could to the full scale because you 449 00:21:39,659 --> 00:21:43,039 couldn't reliably get the geometry quite 450 00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:45,240 right 451 00:21:43,039 --> 00:21:48,600 Leonardo's Stone Bridge would have been 452 00:21:45,240 --> 00:21:51,720 500 times the size of this model 453 00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:53,159 but the physics are exactly the same we 454 00:21:51,720 --> 00:21:54,960 have the bridge and we have the mold 455 00:21:53,159 --> 00:21:57,240 that's holding it up the first piece 456 00:21:54,960 --> 00:22:01,440 should be easy to take off 457 00:21:57,240 --> 00:22:03,659 piece by piece she removes the styrofoam 458 00:22:01,440 --> 00:22:06,179 a modern day stand-in for the wooden 459 00:22:03,659 --> 00:22:08,400 scaffolding used in Leonardo's day 460 00:22:06,179 --> 00:22:11,159 this is more like heart surgery than 461 00:22:08,400 --> 00:22:14,720 Bridge construction finally the last 462 00:22:11,159 --> 00:22:14,720 support is removed 463 00:22:15,960 --> 00:22:22,320 and Leonardo's Stone Bridge stands 464 00:22:20,440 --> 00:22:24,179 [Music] 465 00:22:22,320 --> 00:22:25,919 the geometry is aesthetically beautiful 466 00:22:24,179 --> 00:22:27,720 and 467 00:22:25,919 --> 00:22:30,179 the fact that this is standing on its 468 00:22:27,720 --> 00:22:33,539 own tells us that it was feasible 469 00:22:30,179 --> 00:22:36,179 absolutely wow 470 00:22:33,539 --> 00:22:39,559 whose Bridge even stays up when they 471 00:22:36,179 --> 00:22:39,559 simulate an earthquake 472 00:22:39,980 --> 00:22:48,299 oh my God it is moved by 30 feet 473 00:22:44,880 --> 00:22:51,120 and the art still stands the bridge does 474 00:22:48,299 --> 00:22:53,159 eventually collapse 475 00:22:51,120 --> 00:22:55,919 but only after being moved the 476 00:22:53,159 --> 00:22:59,520 equivalent of 50 feet 477 00:22:55,919 --> 00:23:01,740 Leonardo has the artistic ability and he 478 00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:04,860 also has that scientific knowledge and 479 00:23:01,740 --> 00:23:07,140 that engineering capability where he can 480 00:23:04,860 --> 00:23:09,240 create things that are beautiful and 481 00:23:07,140 --> 00:23:11,760 structurally sound 482 00:23:09,240 --> 00:23:14,280 bass clearly had to fill in some details 483 00:23:11,760 --> 00:23:16,380 to get from this sketch 484 00:23:14,280 --> 00:23:18,240 to this model 485 00:23:16,380 --> 00:23:19,980 and we don't know if the bridge could 486 00:23:18,240 --> 00:23:21,240 have been built with the wooden scaffold 487 00:23:19,980 --> 00:23:23,340 of the day 488 00:23:21,240 --> 00:23:26,460 and he also shows but she has shown 489 00:23:23,340 --> 00:23:30,000 Leonardo got the basic physics right 490 00:23:26,460 --> 00:23:32,340 what's extraordinary is the ideas that 491 00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:34,980 he was coming up with 492 00:23:32,340 --> 00:23:39,440 more than 500 years ago 493 00:23:34,980 --> 00:23:39,440 we're still trying to understand them 494 00:23:39,610 --> 00:23:44,580 [Music] 495 00:23:42,299 --> 00:23:47,220 as with this ambitious proposal to the 496 00:23:44,580 --> 00:23:49,320 sultan Leonardo sought out wealthy 497 00:23:47,220 --> 00:23:51,900 patrons throughout his life to support 498 00:23:49,320 --> 00:23:52,960 not only his art but his scientific 499 00:23:51,900 --> 00:23:56,159 explorations 500 00:23:52,960 --> 00:23:57,419 [Music] 501 00:23:56,159 --> 00:24:01,100 30. he 502 00:23:57,419 --> 00:24:01,100 came to Milan to work for its Duke 503 00:24:01,440 --> 00:24:07,500 17 years later when the Duke was deposed 504 00:24:04,140 --> 00:24:11,460 Leonardo had to move once again 505 00:24:07,500 --> 00:24:14,100 back to Florence and later Rome 506 00:24:11,460 --> 00:24:17,460 his accomplishments in science and art 507 00:24:14,100 --> 00:24:19,740 meant he had much to offer Leonardo 508 00:24:17,460 --> 00:24:21,659 sells himself as an engineer as well as 509 00:24:19,740 --> 00:24:23,159 an artist because he knows he can make a 510 00:24:21,659 --> 00:24:26,580 Better Living 511 00:24:23,159 --> 00:24:29,280 I think Leonardo just loved the 512 00:24:26,580 --> 00:24:31,500 connection of the Arts and Sciences and 513 00:24:29,280 --> 00:24:34,340 he didn't want to have to be siled as 514 00:24:31,500 --> 00:24:34,340 just the painter 515 00:24:34,700 --> 00:24:39,480 Leonardo's Explorations in science can 516 00:24:37,260 --> 00:24:40,710 also be clearly seen in the details of 517 00:24:39,480 --> 00:24:44,760 his paintings 518 00:24:40,710 --> 00:24:46,620 [Music] 519 00:24:44,760 --> 00:24:49,980 botany 520 00:24:46,620 --> 00:24:52,430 to the physics of flowing water 521 00:24:49,980 --> 00:24:54,659 even the curls of human hair 522 00:24:52,430 --> 00:24:56,640 [Music] 523 00:24:54,659 --> 00:25:01,620 paint something absolutely perfect he 524 00:24:56,640 --> 00:25:04,620 had to understand how nature was done 525 00:25:01,620 --> 00:25:07,559 to paint a mountain to paint rocks he 526 00:25:04,620 --> 00:25:10,260 had to understand why the Rock's wire of 527 00:25:07,559 --> 00:25:12,539 that kind he was obsessed with that and 528 00:25:10,260 --> 00:25:14,640 that was what he called the science of 529 00:25:12,539 --> 00:25:17,039 painting 530 00:25:14,640 --> 00:25:19,140 the science of painting was all 531 00:25:17,039 --> 00:25:21,600 encompassing for Leonardo 532 00:25:19,140 --> 00:25:23,940 but how could he capture the beauty he 533 00:25:21,600 --> 00:25:28,209 observed in nature with paint 534 00:25:23,940 --> 00:25:28,209 [Music] 535 00:25:29,419 --> 00:25:35,100 back at the Louvre art restorers and 536 00:25:32,460 --> 00:25:37,440 researchers are uncovering new clues in 537 00:25:35,100 --> 00:25:39,430 an elegant intensive care unit for 538 00:25:37,440 --> 00:25:40,919 priceless works of art 539 00:25:39,430 --> 00:25:43,760 [Music] 540 00:25:40,919 --> 00:25:43,760 thank you 541 00:25:43,860 --> 00:25:48,600 to prepare for the upcoming exhibit 542 00:25:46,039 --> 00:25:51,059 gelivera and the team of scientists are 543 00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:53,720 restoring a painting long shrouded by 544 00:25:51,059 --> 00:25:53,720 controversy 545 00:25:54,659 --> 00:25:59,580 for centuries this portrait of Bacchus 546 00:25:57,299 --> 00:26:02,900 was considered one of the few paintings 547 00:25:59,580 --> 00:26:02,900 by Leonardo's hand 548 00:26:03,539 --> 00:26:08,179 but now experts aren't so sure 549 00:26:08,400 --> 00:26:13,020 for centuries that painting was 550 00:26:10,440 --> 00:26:15,600 attributed to Leonardo 551 00:26:13,020 --> 00:26:17,940 but during the 20th century some 552 00:26:15,600 --> 00:26:19,320 historians said well it looks like a 553 00:26:17,940 --> 00:26:21,059 difference compared to the other 554 00:26:19,320 --> 00:26:23,820 paintings 555 00:26:21,059 --> 00:26:26,840 Cynthia Pasquale has been brought in to 556 00:26:23,820 --> 00:26:26,840 restore the painting 557 00:26:26,880 --> 00:26:32,580 unique scientific techniques provide the 558 00:26:30,059 --> 00:26:33,779 clues she needs to finally solve the 559 00:26:32,580 --> 00:26:36,900 mystery 560 00:26:33,779 --> 00:26:39,200 did Leonardo in fact paint this 561 00:26:36,900 --> 00:26:39,200 is 562 00:26:47,580 --> 00:26:51,900 restoration work is not for the faint of 563 00:26:50,100 --> 00:26:54,779 heart 564 00:26:51,900 --> 00:26:57,480 this painting may be in bad shape 565 00:26:54,779 --> 00:27:01,700 but Pasquale is still taking her scalpel 566 00:26:57,480 --> 00:27:01,700 to an Irreplaceable masterpiece 567 00:27:01,919 --> 00:27:05,700 she scrapes away the yellow darkened 568 00:27:04,559 --> 00:27:09,059 varnish 569 00:27:05,700 --> 00:27:10,440 revealing a vibrant color beneath 570 00:27:09,059 --> 00:27:13,080 okay 571 00:27:10,440 --> 00:27:15,539 but other parts of the painting appear 572 00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:18,120 more damaged 573 00:27:15,539 --> 00:27:20,059 so Pasquale must rely on her training 574 00:27:18,120 --> 00:27:24,440 not only in art history 575 00:27:20,059 --> 00:27:24,440 but also chemistry 576 00:27:24,559 --> 00:27:31,460 the colors of pigment in paint can 577 00:27:27,720 --> 00:27:31,460 change or fade over time 578 00:27:31,500 --> 00:27:36,799 but the chemistry of the pigments 579 00:27:33,299 --> 00:27:39,900 themselves can still be detected 580 00:27:36,799 --> 00:27:44,820 Pasquale orders a special scan for the 581 00:27:39,900 --> 00:27:47,940 element copper often used in green paint 582 00:27:44,820 --> 00:27:51,179 the scan reveals this dark area of the 583 00:27:47,940 --> 00:27:54,440 painting was once a lush Garden 584 00:27:51,179 --> 00:27:57,779 until the copper in the paint darkened 585 00:27:54,440 --> 00:28:01,380 so we can see a lot of vegetables and 586 00:27:57,779 --> 00:28:04,620 leaves and plants and flour 587 00:28:01,380 --> 00:28:06,180 and when you look on the surface of the 588 00:28:04,620 --> 00:28:09,120 work they are not 589 00:28:06,180 --> 00:28:11,279 [Music] 590 00:28:09,120 --> 00:28:13,380 while the beauty of these plants may 591 00:28:11,279 --> 00:28:14,700 suggest Leonardo's meticulous attention 592 00:28:13,380 --> 00:28:16,860 to detail 593 00:28:14,700 --> 00:28:19,010 that's not enough to say for sure he 594 00:28:16,860 --> 00:28:20,240 painted it himself 595 00:28:19,010 --> 00:28:23,340 [Music] 596 00:28:20,240 --> 00:28:25,760 so the investigation turns to his 597 00:28:23,340 --> 00:28:25,760 brushwork 598 00:28:28,260 --> 00:28:32,700 one of the most characteristic 599 00:28:29,760 --> 00:28:34,820 Fingerprints of a Leonardo a remarkably 600 00:28:32,700 --> 00:28:37,860 thin layers of paint 601 00:28:34,820 --> 00:28:40,380 which can only be seen with a powerful 602 00:28:37,860 --> 00:28:43,380 microscope 603 00:28:40,380 --> 00:28:43,380 treatment 604 00:28:50,100 --> 00:28:55,559 some leonardos have been found to have 605 00:28:52,559 --> 00:28:59,539 as many as 30 layers of paint 606 00:28:55,559 --> 00:28:59,539 many more than most painters 607 00:29:00,480 --> 00:29:04,919 as she continues her restoration 608 00:29:02,460 --> 00:29:08,059 Pasquale is looking for evidence of this 609 00:29:04,919 --> 00:29:08,059 unusual technique 610 00:29:08,159 --> 00:29:14,720 but what was Leonardo trying to achieve 611 00:29:10,860 --> 00:29:14,720 with all those thin layers 612 00:29:15,419 --> 00:29:18,299 just ask 613 00:29:16,799 --> 00:29:21,120 ass painter 614 00:29:18,299 --> 00:29:24,179 DaVinci was always looking for beauty 615 00:29:21,120 --> 00:29:27,840 it's not just painting or drawing a tree 616 00:29:24,179 --> 00:29:30,380 he wants to paint the perfect expression 617 00:29:27,840 --> 00:29:34,559 of what a tree is 618 00:29:30,380 --> 00:29:37,700 this aspiration to beauty is to me very 619 00:29:34,559 --> 00:29:37,700 inspiring as an artist 620 00:29:37,919 --> 00:29:42,840 Floren Farge is a painter in Dijon 621 00:29:40,440 --> 00:29:44,580 France 622 00:29:42,840 --> 00:29:47,940 in the tradition of the Renaissance 623 00:29:44,580 --> 00:29:50,279 Farge runs an artist's Workshop 624 00:29:47,940 --> 00:29:52,020 but with a Twist 625 00:29:50,279 --> 00:29:55,559 hello everyone and welcome to a new 626 00:29:52,020 --> 00:29:57,840 video his is a virtual one this one is 627 00:29:55,559 --> 00:30:03,260 going to guide you through the entire 628 00:29:57,840 --> 00:30:03,260 process of classical figure painting 629 00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:09,299 Italian painters at the time mixed their 630 00:30:06,779 --> 00:30:10,810 pigments into an egg base 631 00:30:09,299 --> 00:30:13,740 using real egg 632 00:30:10,810 --> 00:30:16,020 [Music] 633 00:30:13,740 --> 00:30:19,200 but egg tempera doesn't allow as much 634 00:30:16,020 --> 00:30:21,910 light to pass through it 635 00:30:19,200 --> 00:30:24,620 so there is less depth in the painting 636 00:30:21,910 --> 00:30:28,020 [Music] 637 00:30:24,620 --> 00:30:31,460 instead Leonardo decided to use an oil 638 00:30:28,020 --> 00:30:34,260 like linseed or walnut 639 00:30:31,460 --> 00:30:37,020 Leonardo was using oil 640 00:30:34,260 --> 00:30:39,299 because oil helps to reproduce in the 641 00:30:37,020 --> 00:30:42,020 best way at the transition between light 642 00:30:39,299 --> 00:30:42,020 and Shadow 643 00:30:42,480 --> 00:30:47,960 gradually farge's portrait comes to life 644 00:30:56,419 --> 00:31:00,840 for the finishing touches Farge 645 00:30:58,980 --> 00:31:04,200 demonstrates how oil paint can be 646 00:31:00,840 --> 00:31:06,539 applied very thinly to create the subtle 647 00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:09,240 shading of light falling across the 648 00:31:06,539 --> 00:31:12,000 human body if I want I can come back 649 00:31:09,240 --> 00:31:15,860 later and put another layer on top of 650 00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:18,620 that to make this transition very soft 651 00:31:15,860 --> 00:31:20,880 [Music] 652 00:31:18,620 --> 00:31:25,039 Leonardo's techniques are still being 653 00:31:20,880 --> 00:31:25,039 taught today in his hometown of Florence 654 00:31:25,440 --> 00:31:30,899 to make their paintings come alive 655 00:31:27,500 --> 00:31:34,559 artists strive to capture human flesh 656 00:31:30,899 --> 00:31:36,480 and the way light reveals its shape 657 00:31:34,559 --> 00:31:40,159 Leonardo speaks about the Smoky 658 00:31:36,480 --> 00:31:40,159 transition of light to shade 659 00:31:40,260 --> 00:31:45,779 that's how we perceive in nature 660 00:31:43,799 --> 00:31:48,600 problem often with photographic images 661 00:31:45,779 --> 00:31:50,880 we see is that there's so much detail we 662 00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:53,700 don't get the broader effect 663 00:31:50,880 --> 00:31:56,100 we see life very much out of focus we 664 00:31:53,700 --> 00:31:58,799 glance 665 00:31:56,100 --> 00:32:01,380 other artists of the day like Sandra 666 00:31:58,799 --> 00:32:04,100 Botticelli painted figures with hard 667 00:32:01,380 --> 00:32:04,100 outlines 668 00:32:05,940 --> 00:32:11,940 but Leonardo used his fine layers to 669 00:32:08,700 --> 00:32:14,120 create soft transitions obscuring the 670 00:32:11,940 --> 00:32:14,120 lines 671 00:32:14,220 --> 00:32:18,720 this is 672 00:32:15,480 --> 00:32:23,360 to look called spumato 673 00:32:18,720 --> 00:32:23,360 from the Italian fumo or smoke 674 00:32:25,159 --> 00:32:31,080 unquestionably the most famous example 675 00:32:27,659 --> 00:32:35,059 of Leonardo's fumato is that enigmatic 676 00:32:31,080 --> 00:32:35,059 smile of the Mona Lisa 677 00:32:35,220 --> 00:32:40,700 just look at the mouth 678 00:32:37,170 --> 00:32:44,299 [Music] 679 00:32:40,700 --> 00:32:44,299 look at the eyes 680 00:32:44,659 --> 00:32:49,920 you can't see lines 681 00:32:47,820 --> 00:32:53,039 see the movement of the light 682 00:32:49,920 --> 00:32:55,200 [Music] 683 00:32:53,039 --> 00:32:56,810 credible and there is no comparison with 684 00:32:55,200 --> 00:32:58,740 other artists at that time 685 00:32:56,810 --> 00:33:01,559 [Music] 686 00:32:58,740 --> 00:33:03,240 there's no Edge there at all it's all 687 00:33:01,559 --> 00:33:05,220 very uncertain 688 00:33:03,240 --> 00:33:07,679 this plays a psychological role of 689 00:33:05,220 --> 00:33:10,020 course because he is present but somehow 690 00:33:07,679 --> 00:33:13,000 not tangible 691 00:33:10,020 --> 00:33:14,279 is idealized 692 00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:17,220 [Music] 693 00:33:14,279 --> 00:33:19,500 for Leonardo's fomato captured in two 694 00:33:17,220 --> 00:33:20,650 Dimensions what he observed in the 695 00:33:19,500 --> 00:33:23,179 three-dimensional world 696 00:33:20,650 --> 00:33:26,159 [Music] 697 00:33:23,179 --> 00:33:29,399 but in order to get the skin just right 698 00:33:26,159 --> 00:33:32,480 he had to go deeper to the muscles and 699 00:33:29,399 --> 00:33:32,480 tendons below 700 00:33:33,679 --> 00:33:39,360 Trudy Van Houten has taught Anatomy for 701 00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:43,620 30 years perfect 702 00:33:39,360 --> 00:33:45,000 Leonardo da Vinci constantly inspires me 703 00:33:43,620 --> 00:33:46,880 she says the sign 704 00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:50,580 Anatomy is 705 00:33:46,880 --> 00:33:54,179 yes please though the process often is 706 00:33:50,580 --> 00:33:56,760 not nice you beautifully preserved 707 00:33:54,179 --> 00:34:00,299 tiny little vessel 708 00:33:56,760 --> 00:34:02,460 Leonardo dissected 30 bodies 709 00:34:00,299 --> 00:34:05,220 and with no Refrigeration it would have 710 00:34:02,460 --> 00:34:06,659 been especially unpleasant 711 00:34:05,220 --> 00:34:08,639 the intestines would have been a 712 00:34:06,659 --> 00:34:11,460 particular problem because they contain 713 00:34:08,639 --> 00:34:13,800 a lot of bacteria and even after death 714 00:34:11,460 --> 00:34:16,200 the intestines become inflated and 715 00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:18,540 larger and larger that's where things 716 00:34:16,200 --> 00:34:21,080 were going to go bad quickest and smell 717 00:34:18,540 --> 00:34:21,080 the worst 718 00:34:22,800 --> 00:34:28,139 it's a very messy business 719 00:34:24,989 --> 00:34:30,540 [Music] 720 00:34:28,139 --> 00:34:33,480 many of the drawings from Leonardo's 721 00:34:30,540 --> 00:34:36,119 messy dissections today live on in the 722 00:34:33,480 --> 00:34:40,919 most refined of places 723 00:34:36,119 --> 00:34:43,020 Windsor Castle just outside of London 724 00:34:40,919 --> 00:34:44,760 steps away from where Prince Harry and 725 00:34:43,020 --> 00:34:46,080 Meghan Markle pose for their wedding 726 00:34:44,760 --> 00:34:49,020 photos 727 00:34:46,080 --> 00:34:52,280 more than 200 Leonardo drawings are 728 00:34:49,020 --> 00:34:52,280 secured in the print room 729 00:34:52,619 --> 00:34:57,470 Martin Clayton is the curator of those 730 00:34:55,020 --> 00:34:58,980 drawings 731 00:34:57,470 --> 00:35:02,339 [Music] 732 00:34:58,980 --> 00:35:04,200 help himself making a beautiful drawing 733 00:35:02,339 --> 00:35:07,880 but what most interested Leonardo was 734 00:35:04,200 --> 00:35:07,880 the structure the Machinery of the body 735 00:35:07,980 --> 00:35:11,579 Killer drawing is one of the finest 736 00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:14,040 examples of Leonardo trying to 737 00:35:11,579 --> 00:35:17,300 understand how the shoulder Works purely 738 00:35:14,040 --> 00:35:19,560 in mechanical terms 739 00:35:17,300 --> 00:35:21,480 there's no mystery of the body the body 740 00:35:19,560 --> 00:35:25,220 is a machine that can be looked at and 741 00:35:21,480 --> 00:35:25,220 analyzed in purely objective terms 742 00:35:26,940 --> 00:35:31,380 beauty of Leonardo's drawings is 743 00:35:29,040 --> 00:35:33,480 undeniable 744 00:35:31,380 --> 00:35:36,240 but in light of all that we've learned 745 00:35:33,480 --> 00:35:39,440 with the help of tools like the MRI 746 00:35:36,240 --> 00:35:42,839 did he get it right 747 00:35:39,440 --> 00:35:44,160 if I were asked to grade his anatomical 748 00:35:42,839 --> 00:35:47,540 drawings 749 00:35:44,160 --> 00:35:47,540 they would go from a to f 750 00:35:47,940 --> 00:35:52,079 his drawing of the muscles of things 751 00:35:49,859 --> 00:35:55,020 that he was directly observing and 752 00:35:52,079 --> 00:35:57,660 giving functional sense to those I would 753 00:35:55,020 --> 00:36:01,320 give an A-Plus 754 00:35:57,660 --> 00:36:03,859 in terms of some of the organs I could 755 00:36:01,320 --> 00:36:03,859 not do so 756 00:36:04,619 --> 00:36:09,420 one of Leonardo's most ambitious 757 00:36:06,660 --> 00:36:10,920 anatomical drawings is called the great 758 00:36:09,420 --> 00:36:14,400 lady 759 00:36:10,920 --> 00:36:18,119 it is considered a masterpiece but for 760 00:36:14,400 --> 00:36:21,359 Van Houten it's a bit of a mess 761 00:36:18,119 --> 00:36:24,240 I went to right away our strange 762 00:36:21,359 --> 00:36:26,099 structures flying out on the sides of 763 00:36:24,240 --> 00:36:30,420 the uterus 764 00:36:26,099 --> 00:36:32,400 they reminded me of carrots with tops 765 00:36:30,420 --> 00:36:35,400 these strange sort of horn-like 766 00:36:32,400 --> 00:36:39,300 structures are ligaments observed by 767 00:36:35,400 --> 00:36:42,920 Leonardo in a cow Leonardo assumed that 768 00:36:39,300 --> 00:36:42,920 all mammals have the same structures 769 00:36:43,320 --> 00:36:49,160 sort of feeling his way into a field 770 00:36:45,420 --> 00:36:49,160 that had never been Illustrated before 771 00:36:49,339 --> 00:36:55,579 Leonardo's groundbreaking dissections 772 00:36:51,780 --> 00:36:55,579 certainly informed his art 773 00:36:56,820 --> 00:37:02,099 he returned to this painting Saint 774 00:36:58,920 --> 00:37:04,800 Jerome after 20 years 775 00:37:02,099 --> 00:37:08,000 revising the neck to accurately portray 776 00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:08,000 the muscle beneath 777 00:37:13,079 --> 00:37:18,720 he did not revisit one of his earliest 778 00:37:15,119 --> 00:37:21,240 paintings Geneva da Vinci and it shows 779 00:37:18,720 --> 00:37:22,210 in what has been called the flatness of 780 00:37:21,240 --> 00:37:23,940 her face 781 00:37:22,210 --> 00:37:26,180 [Music] 782 00:37:23,940 --> 00:37:28,859 but by the time of the Mona Lisa 783 00:37:26,180 --> 00:37:32,060 Leonardo's knowledge of anatomy is 784 00:37:28,859 --> 00:37:32,060 beautifully convincing 785 00:37:33,240 --> 00:37:38,400 one intriguing page of Leonardo's 786 00:37:35,700 --> 00:37:40,920 notebooks shows several illustrations of 787 00:37:38,400 --> 00:37:44,900 human lips in exaggerated Expressions 788 00:37:40,920 --> 00:37:44,900 done from dissections 789 00:37:45,180 --> 00:37:49,740 and it shows how each muscle and each 790 00:37:47,579 --> 00:37:53,280 nerve affects the lip 791 00:37:49,740 --> 00:37:56,760 and at the very top is this tiny faint 792 00:37:53,280 --> 00:38:01,280 sketch and you see the first sketch of 793 00:37:56,760 --> 00:38:01,280 what will be the smile of the Mona Lisa 794 00:38:02,750 --> 00:38:08,339 [Music] 795 00:38:06,140 --> 00:38:11,400 anatomy and his painting technique 796 00:38:08,339 --> 00:38:14,820 explain in part how Leonardo infused the 797 00:38:11,400 --> 00:38:17,220 Mona Lisa with a life-like quality 798 00:38:14,820 --> 00:38:21,320 but to complete the illusion he needed 799 00:38:17,220 --> 00:38:21,320 to explore another area of science 800 00:38:21,540 --> 00:38:26,760 how humans see 801 00:38:24,300 --> 00:38:29,940 [Music] 802 00:38:26,760 --> 00:38:32,700 among the many aspects in which Leonardo 803 00:38:29,940 --> 00:38:37,079 was using his knowledge as a scientist 804 00:38:32,700 --> 00:38:40,380 to become a better painter is Optics and 805 00:38:37,079 --> 00:38:43,099 Optics is called by Leonardo perspectiva 806 00:38:40,380 --> 00:38:43,099 perspective 807 00:38:43,940 --> 00:38:49,500 it's basic geometry because when you 808 00:38:46,680 --> 00:38:53,700 have an object with parallel lines they 809 00:38:49,500 --> 00:38:57,359 will seem to vanish into a point which 810 00:38:53,700 --> 00:39:00,180 is called the vanishing point 811 00:38:57,359 --> 00:39:02,820 was fascinated by many aspects of how we 812 00:39:00,180 --> 00:39:05,520 perceive our world 813 00:39:02,820 --> 00:39:07,619 even studied the composition of air to 814 00:39:05,520 --> 00:39:09,960 determine how atmosphere affects the 815 00:39:07,619 --> 00:39:12,900 appearance of objects in the distance 816 00:39:09,960 --> 00:39:15,540 Leonardo is trying to capture the 817 00:39:12,900 --> 00:39:18,359 complexity of the world 818 00:39:15,540 --> 00:39:23,599 but how can you paint something that you 819 00:39:18,359 --> 00:39:23,599 cannot see like the transparency of air 820 00:39:23,660 --> 00:39:29,099 Leonardo not only looked at mathematical 821 00:39:26,400 --> 00:39:31,440 perspective but he looked at how colors 822 00:39:29,099 --> 00:39:33,660 change as you get further away how the 823 00:39:31,440 --> 00:39:36,079 sharpness of something changes as you 824 00:39:33,660 --> 00:39:39,480 get further away from it 825 00:39:36,079 --> 00:39:41,520 and did Leonardo also discover tricks of 826 00:39:39,480 --> 00:39:43,560 perception to pull off the greatest 827 00:39:41,520 --> 00:39:47,180 illusion of all 828 00:39:43,560 --> 00:39:47,180 that elusive smile 829 00:39:48,839 --> 00:39:55,800 she's looking out and her smile is a 830 00:39:52,560 --> 00:39:57,780 reaction triggered by the arrival of 831 00:39:55,800 --> 00:40:00,780 somebody this is the fiction that the 832 00:39:57,780 --> 00:40:03,420 painting tries to establish 833 00:40:00,780 --> 00:40:04,320 the great artists know how to draw you 834 00:40:03,420 --> 00:40:06,839 in 835 00:40:04,320 --> 00:40:10,040 but not to tell you what to think they 836 00:40:06,839 --> 00:40:10,040 offer the tease 837 00:40:10,079 --> 00:40:14,820 the ambiguity of Mona Lisa's smile is 838 00:40:13,260 --> 00:40:16,500 indeed part of her Allure 839 00:40:14,820 --> 00:40:21,500 [Music] 840 00:40:16,500 --> 00:40:21,500 how did Leonardo pull that effect off 841 00:40:22,380 --> 00:40:27,780 that is a question that intrigued 842 00:40:24,440 --> 00:40:31,140 neurophysiologist Margaret Livingstone 843 00:40:27,780 --> 00:40:33,780 she studies the human visual system how 844 00:40:31,140 --> 00:40:35,940 our eyes and brain operate together to 845 00:40:33,780 --> 00:40:38,220 make sense of the world as a 846 00:40:35,940 --> 00:40:40,560 neurophysiologist I actually learn a lot 847 00:40:38,220 --> 00:40:43,380 from artists because they study how we 848 00:40:40,560 --> 00:40:47,700 see I study how we see 849 00:40:43,380 --> 00:40:50,900 a lot of good art takes advantage of the 850 00:40:47,700 --> 00:40:53,400 computations your brain makes by 851 00:40:50,900 --> 00:40:56,160 exaggerating things that your visual 852 00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:58,680 system finds important 853 00:40:56,160 --> 00:41:01,040 human vision is among the best in the 854 00:40:58,680 --> 00:41:03,900 animal kingdom 855 00:41:01,040 --> 00:41:06,780 the center of our retina is packed with 856 00:41:03,900 --> 00:41:10,520 special photoreceptors that enable us to 857 00:41:06,780 --> 00:41:10,520 see details or sharpness 858 00:41:12,060 --> 00:41:16,740 but away from the center toward the 859 00:41:14,040 --> 00:41:19,400 periphery there are fewer of those types 860 00:41:16,740 --> 00:41:19,400 of receptors 861 00:41:22,680 --> 00:41:26,520 but not detail 862 00:41:24,660 --> 00:41:29,160 okay now I want you to close your eyes 863 00:41:26,520 --> 00:41:32,160 I'm going to put up two versions of the 864 00:41:29,160 --> 00:41:34,859 Mona Lisa one accurate and one distorted 865 00:41:32,160 --> 00:41:37,320 to illustrate livingstones enlists your 866 00:41:34,859 --> 00:41:39,900 colleague Peter to see if he can spot a 867 00:41:37,320 --> 00:41:42,420 fake Mona Lisa using Justice peripheral 868 00:41:39,900 --> 00:41:44,700 vision okay briefly open your eyes and 869 00:41:42,420 --> 00:41:45,839 look at the yellow spot and close them 870 00:41:44,700 --> 00:41:48,359 right away 871 00:41:45,839 --> 00:41:50,900 and point to which is the accurate 872 00:41:48,359 --> 00:41:50,900 reproduction 873 00:41:52,020 --> 00:41:57,079 open your eyes and see whether you chose 874 00:41:54,420 --> 00:41:57,079 the correct one 875 00:41:58,760 --> 00:42:15,699 [Music] 876 00:42:15,780 --> 00:42:19,220 point at the real version 877 00:42:21,790 --> 00:42:26,300 [Music] 878 00:42:23,339 --> 00:42:26,300 can I keep that 879 00:42:28,140 --> 00:42:32,040 Peter got only one of four Mona Lisas 880 00:42:31,020 --> 00:42:36,060 right 881 00:42:32,040 --> 00:42:38,640 and Livingstone says that's not unusual 882 00:42:36,060 --> 00:42:41,280 most people don't know how bad 883 00:42:38,640 --> 00:42:42,720 peripheral vision is because as soon as 884 00:42:41,280 --> 00:42:44,280 something happens in their peripheral 885 00:42:42,720 --> 00:42:45,900 vision they look at it and then they 886 00:42:44,280 --> 00:42:48,020 bring the high resolution part of their 887 00:42:45,900 --> 00:42:51,300 visual system onto it 888 00:42:48,020 --> 00:42:54,660 in fact our eyes are constantly moving 889 00:42:51,300 --> 00:42:56,880 three times a second filling in the 890 00:42:54,660 --> 00:43:00,119 details 891 00:42:56,880 --> 00:43:02,819 the effect got Livingstone thinking 892 00:43:00,119 --> 00:43:05,220 could this explain why the Mona Lisa 893 00:43:02,819 --> 00:43:08,000 sometimes seems to be smiling and 894 00:43:05,220 --> 00:43:08,000 sometimes not 895 00:43:08,400 --> 00:43:14,880 using a photo app she blurs the image 896 00:43:11,099 --> 00:43:16,800 like in our peripheral vision 897 00:43:14,880 --> 00:43:18,480 so I filtered the image in such a way 898 00:43:16,800 --> 00:43:20,099 that it would look like what you would 899 00:43:18,480 --> 00:43:23,640 see to your peripheral vision knowing 900 00:43:20,099 --> 00:43:27,319 what I know about processing the result 901 00:43:23,640 --> 00:43:27,319 she's grinning from ear to ear 902 00:43:27,660 --> 00:43:33,680 as you look at the Mona Lisa your eye 903 00:43:30,240 --> 00:43:33,680 moves around the painting 904 00:43:33,900 --> 00:43:38,280 when you look away from her mouth it 905 00:43:36,420 --> 00:43:42,440 enters your peripheral vision 906 00:43:38,280 --> 00:43:42,440 and Mona Lisa appears to smile 907 00:43:42,560 --> 00:43:49,460 but look directly at the mouth and the 908 00:43:46,500 --> 00:43:49,460 smile vanishes 909 00:43:50,770 --> 00:43:54,300 [Music] 910 00:43:52,440 --> 00:43:56,400 she seems like she's alive because she 911 00:43:54,300 --> 00:43:58,819 looks different depending on where 912 00:43:56,400 --> 00:43:58,819 you're looking 913 00:43:59,780 --> 00:44:03,720 Leonardo's paintings come alive because 914 00:44:01,680 --> 00:44:05,520 he understands human emotion 915 00:44:03,720 --> 00:44:08,540 and because he has a good feel for the 916 00:44:05,520 --> 00:44:08,540 underlying science 917 00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:14,280 that combination comes together year 918 00:44:12,060 --> 00:44:19,700 after year as he's doing the Mona Lisa 919 00:44:14,280 --> 00:44:19,700 to make it such an interactive painting 920 00:44:22,579 --> 00:44:28,380 back at the Louvre synzia Pasquale has 921 00:44:26,160 --> 00:44:29,700 removed the old yellowed varnish from 922 00:44:28,380 --> 00:44:34,339 Bacchus 923 00:44:29,700 --> 00:44:34,339 uncovering the brilliant original colors 924 00:44:34,440 --> 00:44:40,200 it reveals an atmospheric perspective 925 00:44:37,020 --> 00:44:43,079 that suggests Leonardo's touch 926 00:44:40,200 --> 00:44:45,119 thinking of these layers of darkened and 927 00:44:43,079 --> 00:44:47,640 yellow varnish we were able to 928 00:44:45,119 --> 00:44:49,980 ReDiscover the original forms the the 929 00:44:47,640 --> 00:44:52,920 quality of the blue It's a Wonderful 930 00:44:49,980 --> 00:44:56,099 blue and you see how the painter 931 00:44:52,920 --> 00:45:00,180 represents these cities with that effect 932 00:44:56,099 --> 00:45:02,880 of humidity of what Leonardo called the 933 00:45:00,180 --> 00:45:05,640 the atmospheric perspective 934 00:45:02,880 --> 00:45:08,339 but Pasquale's investigation has also 935 00:45:05,640 --> 00:45:10,440 uncovered details like the harsh shading 936 00:45:08,339 --> 00:45:12,720 in the face that don't show the 937 00:45:10,440 --> 00:45:14,339 characteristics fumato fingerprint of 938 00:45:12,720 --> 00:45:18,000 Leonardo 939 00:45:14,339 --> 00:45:21,599 I can't see the Leonardo touch 940 00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:24,660 this is a little bit mechanical this 941 00:45:21,599 --> 00:45:27,390 line for the shadow of this so hard you 942 00:45:24,660 --> 00:45:29,339 know Leonardo don't do this 943 00:45:27,390 --> 00:45:31,800 [Music] 944 00:45:29,339 --> 00:45:35,460 Pasquale and the team at the Louvre have 945 00:45:31,800 --> 00:45:38,280 solved a centuries-old mystery 946 00:45:35,460 --> 00:45:39,480 the Bacchus cannot be attributed to 947 00:45:38,280 --> 00:45:42,570 Leonardo 948 00:45:39,480 --> 00:45:42,570 [Music] 949 00:45:43,740 --> 00:45:49,020 but that doesn't mean he wasn't involved 950 00:45:47,040 --> 00:45:51,180 very often his apprentices are actually 951 00:45:49,020 --> 00:45:53,640 painting the picture so you would 952 00:45:51,180 --> 00:45:55,859 conceive the general design of the work 953 00:45:53,640 --> 00:45:59,080 and then the manual execution would be 954 00:45:55,859 --> 00:46:02,579 delegated to members of his Workshop 955 00:45:59,080 --> 00:46:04,740 [Music] 956 00:46:02,579 --> 00:46:06,420 the restoration has succeeded in 957 00:46:04,740 --> 00:46:07,800 bringing much of the original Beauty 958 00:46:06,420 --> 00:46:09,720 back to this painting 959 00:46:07,800 --> 00:46:12,119 [Music] 960 00:46:09,720 --> 00:46:13,880 but it also raises an intriguing 961 00:46:12,119 --> 00:46:16,560 question 962 00:46:13,880 --> 00:46:19,339 should the same thing be done to the 963 00:46:16,560 --> 00:46:19,339 Mona Lisa 964 00:46:19,740 --> 00:46:25,560 you have to imagine that under that 965 00:46:21,780 --> 00:46:28,079 vanish you could see a wonderful a blue 966 00:46:25,560 --> 00:46:34,319 sky probably also the face of the hand 967 00:46:28,079 --> 00:46:37,020 are more pink like natural skin 968 00:46:34,319 --> 00:46:39,240 if we could just take that varnish off 969 00:46:37,020 --> 00:46:40,140 we could see it the way Leonardo really 970 00:46:39,240 --> 00:46:42,300 did it 971 00:46:40,140 --> 00:46:45,359 but I think French governments have 972 00:46:42,300 --> 00:46:46,980 fallen for Less cause than trying to 973 00:46:45,359 --> 00:46:49,220 take the Mona Lisa out of circulation 974 00:46:46,980 --> 00:46:52,740 and clean it 975 00:46:49,220 --> 00:46:57,079 perhaps there is another way 976 00:46:52,740 --> 00:46:57,079 could she be given a Digital Makeover 977 00:46:57,119 --> 00:47:00,900 that is what Pascal caught is trying to 978 00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:03,720 do 979 00:47:00,900 --> 00:47:05,880 he has analyzed the Mona Lisa with a 980 00:47:03,720 --> 00:47:10,460 remarkably powerful camera and lights 981 00:47:05,880 --> 00:47:10,460 which he demonstrates using a replica 982 00:47:10,700 --> 00:47:16,760 we make the measurement in the basement 983 00:47:13,200 --> 00:47:19,859 of zulu inside the laboratory 984 00:47:16,760 --> 00:47:23,040 it's a very emotional to have the 985 00:47:19,859 --> 00:47:25,980 painting enhance without the frame you 986 00:47:23,040 --> 00:47:28,740 can look at this painting under this 987 00:47:25,980 --> 00:47:33,500 very intense light that reveal 988 00:47:28,740 --> 00:47:33,500 everything that you cannot see usually 989 00:47:36,500 --> 00:47:42,660 cots extremely detailed scan of the Mona 990 00:47:39,960 --> 00:47:45,480 Lisa and his analysis of the Optics and 991 00:47:42,660 --> 00:47:49,040 chemistry of paint reveal how the colors 992 00:47:45,480 --> 00:47:49,040 may have changed over time 993 00:47:51,420 --> 00:47:55,440 it's not just the varnish that yellows 994 00:47:54,119 --> 00:47:58,020 and darkens 995 00:47:55,440 --> 00:48:00,500 but the pigments and oil in the paint 996 00:47:58,020 --> 00:48:00,500 itself 997 00:48:00,960 --> 00:48:06,319 cots challenge is to reverse engineer 998 00:48:04,079 --> 00:48:09,300 the effects of that aging 999 00:48:06,319 --> 00:48:11,040 this is not just photoshopping it and 1000 00:48:09,300 --> 00:48:14,099 messing around with the colors which you 1001 00:48:11,040 --> 00:48:18,540 and I could do and get tolerable results 1002 00:48:14,099 --> 00:48:21,000 but this is based on pigment analysis 1003 00:48:18,540 --> 00:48:23,339 first Kant determines how much the 1004 00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:27,859 varnish has darkened 1005 00:48:23,339 --> 00:48:27,859 and with his computer peels it away 1006 00:48:30,140 --> 00:48:35,460 next he identifies with the color of 1007 00:48:33,060 --> 00:48:38,880 each pigment would have looked like 500 1008 00:48:35,460 --> 00:48:41,579 years ago and recreates them to see the 1009 00:48:38,880 --> 00:48:43,980 colors just as Leonardo did 1010 00:48:41,579 --> 00:48:48,240 for example we know that Leonardo make 1011 00:48:43,980 --> 00:48:52,020 the sky with white lead and LA pistachi 1012 00:48:48,240 --> 00:48:57,200 so we have a software that removes the 1013 00:48:52,020 --> 00:49:01,319 wrong colors to obtain the genuine curve 1014 00:48:57,200 --> 00:49:03,740 then pixel by pixel cart restores those 1015 00:49:01,319 --> 00:49:03,740 colors 1016 00:49:03,920 --> 00:49:10,200 suddenly a greenish Sky becomes 1017 00:49:07,619 --> 00:49:13,140 brilliantly blue 1018 00:49:10,200 --> 00:49:14,660 and a bit of flush comes back to Lisa's 1019 00:49:13,140 --> 00:49:18,140 cheeks 1020 00:49:14,660 --> 00:49:21,079 finally as the French say 1021 00:49:18,140 --> 00:49:23,400 voila 1022 00:49:21,079 --> 00:49:25,140 suddenly she doesn't look like the 1023 00:49:23,400 --> 00:49:26,819 submarine goddess 1024 00:49:25,140 --> 00:49:28,920 she looks as if she's in the fresh air 1025 00:49:26,819 --> 00:49:30,960 which is just terrific 1026 00:49:28,920 --> 00:49:33,900 [Music] 1027 00:49:30,960 --> 00:49:37,800 restoration has brought Lisa back to 1028 00:49:33,900 --> 00:49:41,119 life at least digitally closer to the 1029 00:49:37,800 --> 00:49:43,859 state that leonardos are 1030 00:49:41,119 --> 00:49:45,660 allowing us all to see the paintings 1031 00:49:43,859 --> 00:49:46,920 legendary Beauty 1032 00:49:45,660 --> 00:49:49,220 [Music] 1033 00:49:46,920 --> 00:49:53,359 science it took 1034 00:49:49,220 --> 00:49:56,540 the geometry and Optics of perspective 1035 00:49:53,359 --> 00:50:00,300 the anatomy behind her face 1036 00:49:56,540 --> 00:50:03,000 and the somatous soft lines 1037 00:50:00,300 --> 00:50:05,240 capturing the mystery and movement of 1038 00:50:03,000 --> 00:50:05,240 life 1039 00:50:05,359 --> 00:50:12,060 but even with all the modern insights 1040 00:50:08,760 --> 00:50:15,500 the Mona Lisa is vastly more than the 1041 00:50:12,060 --> 00:50:15,500 sum of her scientific parts 1042 00:50:15,740 --> 00:50:23,760 pinning down exactly why we are so drawn 1043 00:50:19,260 --> 00:50:26,420 to her ultimately remains as elusive as 1044 00:50:23,760 --> 00:50:26,420 her smile 1045 00:50:29,220 --> 00:50:34,260 three years before his death Leonardo 1046 00:50:31,920 --> 00:50:35,840 was invited to France to live and work 1047 00:50:34,260 --> 00:50:37,859 for the king 1048 00:50:35,840 --> 00:50:41,400 [Music] 1049 00:50:37,859 --> 00:50:45,200 cross the Alps by horse or mule 1050 00:50:41,400 --> 00:50:45,200 carrying three paintings 1051 00:50:45,900 --> 00:50:51,599 those paintings including the Mona Lisa 1052 00:50:49,380 --> 00:50:54,300 Lisa now hang at the Louvre 1053 00:50:51,599 --> 00:50:58,619 where the doors are about to open on the 1054 00:50:54,300 --> 00:51:01,260 500-year Blockbuster Leonardo exhibition 1055 00:50:58,619 --> 00:51:05,700 abrasion of a genius who fuse together 1056 00:51:01,260 --> 00:51:07,260 the worlds of Art and Science 1057 00:51:05,700 --> 00:51:10,740 Leonardo is an Italian Renaissance 1058 00:51:07,260 --> 00:51:13,020 painted but his genius is universal and 1059 00:51:10,740 --> 00:51:17,640 it speaks to everybody 1060 00:51:13,020 --> 00:51:20,460 [Music] 1061 00:51:17,640 --> 00:51:23,780 forget that you're looking at pigments 1062 00:51:20,460 --> 00:51:23,780 on a piece of wood 1063 00:51:24,300 --> 00:51:31,920 the idea is that you're looking at a 1064 00:51:27,599 --> 00:51:34,160 real living breathing being 1065 00:51:31,920 --> 00:51:34,160 foreign 1066 00:51:34,800 --> 00:51:41,220 the key to Leonardo da Vinci is that he 1067 00:51:39,119 --> 00:51:43,260 doesn't make a distinction between the 1068 00:51:41,220 --> 00:51:47,240 beauty of nature that he studies in His 1069 00:51:43,260 --> 00:51:47,240 science and the beauty of his art 1070 00:51:50,359 --> 00:51:57,359 he could have spent more time just being 1071 00:51:53,579 --> 00:51:59,579 a painter but had he done that he 1072 00:51:57,359 --> 00:52:01,470 wouldn't have been Leonardo da Vinci and 1073 00:51:59,579 --> 00:52:09,969 he wouldn't have painted the Mona Lisa 1074 00:52:01,470 --> 00:52:09,969 [Music] 1075 00:52:13,640 --> 00:52:53,760 thank you 1076 00:52:14,910 --> 00:52:53,760 [Music] 1077 00:52:55,040 --> 00:53:04,020 thank you 1078 00:52:57,720 --> 00:53:04,980 [Music] 1079 00:53:04,020 --> 00:53:10,849 [Applause] 1080 00:53:04,980 --> 00:53:10,849 [Music] 1081 00:53:13,130 --> 00:53:20,379 [Music] 1082 00:53:22,860 --> 00:53:30,230 [Music]